The present study endeavors to explore the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth and financial development in Kuwait, covering the time span between 1991 and 2017. Based on the objective of presenting robust results in relation to the research focus, a combination of time and frequency-domain methodologies has been applied. Using the Toda–Yamamoto and the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto time-domain techniques, no causal direction is found through the former test, while the causality flowing from financial development to economic growth is demonstrated by the latter. Nevertheless, the spectral causality test developed by Breitung and Candelon [(2006). “Testing for short- and long-run causality: A frequency-domain approach.” Journal of Econometrics 132 (2): 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.02.004] gives a more thorough overview of the dynamic causal relationships because it allows the temporary and permanent movements in the linkages between variables to be differentiated. The findings show proof of a bidirectional causality between financial development and economic growth. Our findings highlight the emphasis on covering the frequency causality to provide greater insight into the interrelationship between the variables under consideration.

Analytical study associated with liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) has been investigated by using scattering and non-scattering mathematical radiation models. In the nonscattering model, the radiative transfer equation (RTE) was solved together with the continuity equations of mixture components under local thermodynamic equilibrium. A MATLAB code was used to solve these equations. This application employed a numerical integration to compute the temperature distribution within the bubble and the transient wall heat flux. First, in Rayleigh nonscattering model the particle size was 0.01 µm [6], and according to Mie theory principle, the absorption coefficient for small particle –size distribution was estimated (k = 10 m-1 was used) from reference [7] at complex refractive index of UO2 at λ = 600 µm and x = 0.0785. A MATLAB code was used to solve the radiative heat equation (RTE) in spherical coordinates. The mixture is in local thermodynamic equilibrium inside the bubble which has a black body surface boundary. The mixture in the bubble contains three components: the non-condensable gas Xenon, Uranium dioxide vapor, and fog. To simulate fuel bubble’s geometry as realistically as possible, according to experimental observation, the energy equation in a spherical coordinate system has been solved with the radiative flux heat transfer equation (RTE) to obtain the effect of fuel bubble’s geometry on the transient radiative heat flux and to predict the transient temperature iv distribution in the participating medium during a hypothetical core disruptive accident (HCDA) for liquid metal fast breeding reactor (LMFBR) for FAST. The transient temperature distribution in fog region was used to predict the amount of condensable UO2 vapor. The conclusion that can be drawn from the present study, is that the Fuel Aerosol Simulant Test (FAST) facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has a larger margin of safety since the bubble rising time is greater than the bubble collapse time. Second in the scattering model, the spherical harmonics method was used to solve the radiative heat transfer equation (RTE) in spherical coordinates, and the particle size was 0.07 µm [6]. The scattering coefficient of UO2 particles (σ = 1.24 m-1 ), was calculated using Mie theory at the same number of stable nuclei N (2.9 E15 nuclei/m3 ) that resulted from the absorption coefficient k = 0.082 m-1 [7]. The P1 approximation method was used to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in spherical coordinates of participating medium confined between two concentric spheres. The surfaces of the spheres are assumed to be gray, diffusely emitting and diffusely reflecting boundaries, and isothermal boundary conditions were assumed at these surfaces. Marsak’s boundary condition was used to compute the net radiative heat flux, q(τ), and the incident radiation, G(τ), to analyze and interpret CVD experiments data that were conducted in the FAST facility at ORNL [8] and Fast Flux Test Facility reactor (FFTF) at ANL. From this study, it can be concluded that there is greater margin of safety when the bubble rise time is a greater than the bubble collapse time since the bubble collapses (UO2 condenses) before it can reach the top of the vessel. In addition, the work transfer by itself can’t completely eliminate the super-heated vapor, as the bubble contains noncondensable species which hinder condensation. However, it is reasonable to assume that work transfer could decrease the amount of UO2 vapor contained in the bubble as it reached the covergas [63].

The metallurgical influence of niobium (Nb) on an annealed high manganese (Mn) steel is still an active issue of discussion between automobile companies and steel manufacturers. Some controversy exists in the literature concerning the influence of Nb solubility on microstructure and thereby on mechanical properties. The influence of Nb-solubility on microstructure of Fe30Mn alloy steel was investigated experimentally and by computational materials modeling. Nb was added in 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1% additions and the alloy samples were annealed at 1200oC for 2, 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes. The microstructure was investigated using an optical microscope, TEM and SEM-EDX and precipitates were chemically tested. Niobium solubility in Fe30Mn austenite was theoretically studied based on Gladman assumptions and was also examined by Thermo-Calc analysis. The result of this work is a comparison between the microstructure analysis and theoretical studies, and it has been found that Nb was soluble in Fe30Mn austenite phase and has had a solute drag effect where Nb(C,N) and NbN precipitates were seen and the effect was pinning effect 

Quality assurance and institutional accreditation in education is becoming of paramount importance. This study aims to assess the impacts of the accreditation process of the National Center for Quality Assurance and Accreditation (NCAAA) on the quality of education in one of private university in Libya. Methods: The research adopts a descriptive study design in University of Tripoli Alahlia (UTA) where an official accreditation process was completed by the NCQAA during 2017-2019. Data were collected using the self-study report that produced by the NCQAA accreditation committee during the accreditation process, and were retrieved in specific data collection sheet by one of the authors. Results: The NCQAA accreditation process that lasted about 4 years brought significant changes in the educational progressions and made the staff members more aware of quality issues in education. Our findings also reported significant improvements in the quality of education in the university. Conclusions: The process of NCQAA accreditation conducted in UTA has been positively improved the quality of education. Data from other institutions would also expressively increase the relevance and rationality of the study.

ABSTRACT

Massive amounts of solid olive mill residues (olive-waste cake) generated

every year and disposed of in the environment. Thus, the present work aims

to study the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from Libyan Olive-Waste

Cakes as a natural source. The solid olive mill residue was carbonized at

200 C0 and chemically activated with 25% Zncl2 and 25% Zncl2 + 25%

H2SO4 . The prepared AC was used to reduce total hardness in groundwater.

The results showed that the addition of H2SO4 increased the treatment

efficiency of AC leading to decrease the total hardness concentration.

Several parameters affecting the efficiency of AC were investigated

including pH, initial concentration of AC, and contact time. The achieved

results showed that the optimum values were at pH: 3, AC initial

concentration: 2.5 g/L, and contact time 120 min. At these conditions the

maximum reduction of hardness was 75%. According to these results the

olive- waste cake can be considered as an effective natural source of

activated Carbon.

Abstract

Cohesion is one of the most important characteristics of good translation. Having a good translation is not achieved unless this factor is carefully observed. We may find students who have good mastery of spelling, grammatical rules and the skill of speaking but have noticeable weaknesses of using cohesive devices when they translate literary prose texts from Arabic into English. This study tries to examine the use of cohesive devices by University students when they translate literary prose text from Arabic into English. Texts used as a tool or instrument of data collection were given to some students to translate. The participants, in their translations, depended on certain devices ignoring the others. The subjects disregarded completely some categories of cohesive devices, such as the class of possessive pronouns, comparative reference, ellipsis, and substitution. Students sometimes misused the items, such as what happened with ‘the’. Many students were unable to vary the language (expressions) they used to express their ideas. Students sometimes succeeded in achieving cohesiveness but sometimes failed. A number of students did not end the sentences they wrote and started new ones.

The role of agriculture in the transfer of drug resistant pathogens to humans is widely debated and poorly understood. Escherichia coli is a valuable indicator organism for contamination and carriage of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foods. Whilst whole genome sequences for E. coli from animals and associated meats are common, sequences from produce are scarce. Produce may acquire drug resistant E. coli from animal manure fertilizers, contaminated irrigation water and wildlife, particularly birds. Whole genome sequencing was used to characterize 120 tetracycline (TET) resistant E. coli from store-bought, ready-to-eat cilantro, arugula and mixed salad from two German cities. E. coli were recovered on the day of purchase and after 7 days of refrigeration. Cilantro was far more frequently contaminated with TET-resistant E. coli providing 102 (85%) sequenced strains. Phylogroup B1 dominated the collection (n = 84, 70%) with multi-locus sequence types B1-ST6186 (n = 37, 31%), C-ST165 (n = 17, 14%), B1-ST58 (n = 14, 12%), B1-ST641 (n = 8, 7%), and C-ST88 (n = 5, 4%) frequently identified. Notably, seven strains of diverse sequence type (ST) carried genetic indicators of ColV virulence plasmid carriage. A number of previously identified and novel integrons associated with insertion elements including IS26 were also identified. Storage may affect the lineages of E. coli isolated, however further studies are needed. Our study indicates produce predominantly carry E. coli with a commensal phylogroup and a variety of AMR and virulence-associated traits. Genomic surveillance of bacteria that contaminate produce should be a matter of public health importance in order to develop a holistic understanding of the environmental dimensions of AMR.

Abstract

The research was conducted to investigate the problems and difficulties that ESL students and teachers have faced while they are teaching and learning pronunciation skills. It has been explained some pronunciation goals and factors that affect pronunciation learning. Also, it has been given some ideas for focusing on specific pronunciation features. In addition, some plans for effective learning experiences have been mentioned.