Abstract

Makrofol-DE 1-1 CC Polycarbonate is a class of polymeric solid state nuclear track detector which has many applications in various radiation detection fields.

Structural property studies using X-ray diffraction were performed on the non-irradiated and irradiated Makrofol samples. The intensities of the characteristic absorption bands were found to decrease predominantly with increasing the proton fluence in the ranges 0-5x10¹¹ ions/cm² indicating that the degradation is the dominant mechanism.

Non isothermal studies were carried out using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) to obtain information concerning the thermal stability for Makrofol detector. The obtained TGA thermograms indicated that the Makrofol detector decomposes in one main weight loss stage.

Using the TGA curves, both the onset temperature of decomposition and the activation energy of thermal decomposition were calculated. The results indicated that the proton irradiation of Makrofol detector in the fluence range 0-5x10¹¹ ions/cm² causes an initial scission that reduces the thermal stability of the Makrofol samples. The proton irradiation in the fluence range 5x10¹¹-1x10¹⁵ ions/cm² led to a more compact structure of Makrofol polymer, which resulted in an improvement in its thermal stability with an increase in the activation energy of thermal decomposition.

A business plan which is a formal writing and statement that describing new or existing business goals always helps organizations or investor to set the task that need to be performed in order to invest properly by potential investors to the entrepreneurs. It helps businesses who are seeking investment and convey their business visions to potential investors and customers. Further, it can be also used to attract employees and supplier in order to simply understand how the company in future can be managed efficiently. Simply a business plan covers all important set goals, mission, vision, and all the strategies that a company will use to meet them and if potential problem that may confront the business and the ways to handle them. The purpose of this research is to provide enough resources for business plan to develop a web store using e-commerce technology by using SellerDeck software solution and making a competing company where customer can easily purchase their favourite brand of mobile phones, tablet computers and its accessories. At the end of this research the results is that the ecommerce technology will increase all over the world because of making it easier for the enterprise business and customers for shopping information and view the contents of web store products and payment system.

This study aims to examine the difficulties that encounter undergraduate students of

fourth year at English Department of Alassaba College, in writing proposals and

research projects in the early stages. The target group for this study consisted of finalyear

undergraduates at the College of Alassaba English Department, The study

involved approximately 60 participants from the Department of English, who were

conducting their research projects in English as a Second Language (ESL). The

Research tools of the study include questionnaire with students of the target groups.

The study will explore various and common challenges/difficulties during writing the

research proposals and projects such as: difficulty in deciding the topic for research,

lack of good knowledge of the methodology, inability of finding modern, specialized

and related references, lack of interest in research, lack of understanding of the

subject matter, lack of time, and research guiding. The study also attempts to give

some suggestions/recommendations for developing the process of writing research

proposals and research projects.

The role of the mother tongue in second language learning has

recently sparked debates and controversies. This study investigates the

use of the first language (L1) in the learning and teaching of English as

a second language (L2) in primary school. The main goal of study is to

determine to what extent and in which instances the first language (L1)

is used and the response of second language educators when they hear

the first language (L1) in their classroom. Most educators feel that the

use of the first language (L1) should be minimized and they feel guilty

if they use it a lot. When challenged, they find it difficult to explain

why. Contrary to the use of the first language (L1), it is generally

assumed that English should be learned through English, just as you

learn your mother tongue using your mother tongue. On the other

hand, the idea that the learner should learn English like a native

speaker or try to 'think in English' is viewed as an inappropriate and

unachievable concept.

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This Paper investigates the problem that EFL learners of First Year in English Department at Alassaba College commonly come across issues when pronouncing the th sounds /θ/ and / ð /.It is reported that they frequently substitutes /th/ for the voiceless sound /θ/ and /θ/ for the voiced sound / ð /. Researchers believe that learning the differences between these sounds can help the students of Arabic to be able to pronounce English consonants properly. This is due to the fact that first language can affect learning the second language. Whenever the differences are identified it will be easy for students to learn. The purpose of this study is to explore the interference of mother tongue in pronunciation field that was made by learners of English Department dealing with English sounds/θ/ and / ð. The participants were 30 EFL learners with Arabic background as their mother tongue. To help students overcome their difficulties, comprehensively instructingthe way to pronounce /θ/ and / ð / sounds correctly, using minimal pairs with numerous examples, and creating an inspired learning environment for the students to practice pronunciation are recommended, and recording the students’ pronunciation and analyzed using contrastive analysis.