The role of the mother tongue in second language learning has

recently sparked debates and controversies. This study investigates the

use of the first language (L1) in the learning and teaching of English as

a second language (L2) in primary school. The main goal of study is to

determine to what extent and in which instances the first language (L1)

is used and the response of second language educators when they hear

the first language (L1) in their classroom. Most educators feel that the

use of the first language (L1) should be minimized and they feel guilty

if they use it a lot. When challenged, they find it difficult to explain

why. Contrary to the use of the first language (L1), it is generally

assumed that English should be learned through English, just as you

learn your mother tongue using your mother tongue. On the other

hand, the idea that the learner should learn English like a native

speaker or try to 'think in English' is viewed as an inappropriate and

unachievable concept.

This study aims to examine the difficulties that encounter undergraduate students of

fourth year at English Department of Alassaba College, in writing proposals and

research projects in the early stages. The target group for this study consisted of finalyear

undergraduates at the College of Alassaba English Department, The study

involved approximately 60 participants from the Department of English, who were

conducting their research projects in English as a Second Language (ESL). The

Research tools of the study include questionnaire with students of the target groups.

The study will explore various and common challenges/difficulties during writing the

research proposals and projects such as: difficulty in deciding the topic for research,

lack of good knowledge of the methodology, inability of finding modern, specialized

and related references, lack of interest in research, lack of understanding of the

subject matter, lack of time, and research guiding. The study also attempts to give

some suggestions/recommendations for developing the process of writing research

proposals and research projects.

Solar energy, known for its abundance and sustainability, stands out as a preferred renewable energy source. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) technology for an elementary school in Dayton, Ohio, was implemented using the f-chart, phi method, photovoltaic system, and the CombiSystem TRNSYS executable. The solar fraction achieved for the system was 56% utilizing the f-chart and phi method. The project required 181 collectors for heating and cooling loads and 578 photovoltaic collectors for electricity generation. Using the f-chart and phi method, the simple payback period was calculated to be 5 years. The optimal storage tank design was determined to be a 120-60 gallon configuration, achieving a solar fraction of 62.45%. The photovoltaic system generated energy valued at $191,135 annually, meeting the requirements for a net-zero energy building. This design provides clean energy without environmental pollution or CO₂ emissions. The total project cost amounted to $275,393.99, making it the most cost-effective design compared to alternative designs incorporating photovoltaic systems for cooling loads. 

A business plan which is a formal writing and statement that describing new or existing business goals always helps organizations or investor to set the task that need to be performed in order to invest properly by potential investors to the entrepreneurs. It helps businesses who are seeking investment and convey their business visions to potential investors and customers. Further, it can be also used to attract employees and supplier in order to simply understand how the company in future can be managed efficiently. Simply a business plan covers all important set goals, mission, vision, and all the strategies that a company will use to meet them and if potential problem that may confront the business and the ways to handle them. The purpose of this research is to provide enough resources for business plan to develop a web store using e-commerce technology by using SellerDeck software solution and making a competing company where customer can easily purchase their favourite brand of mobile phones, tablet computers and its accessories. At the end of this research the results is that the ecommerce technology will increase all over the world because of making it easier for the enterprise business and customers for shopping information and view the contents of web store products and payment system.

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