The role of the mother tongue in second language learning has

recently sparked debates and controversies. This study investigates the

use of the first language (L1) in the learning and teaching of English as

a second language (L2) in primary school. The main goal of study is to

determine to what extent and in which instances the first language (L1)

is used and the response of second language educators when they hear

the first language (L1) in their classroom. Most educators feel that the

use of the first language (L1) should be minimized and they feel guilty

if they use it a lot. When challenged, they find it difficult to explain

why. Contrary to the use of the first language (L1), it is generally

assumed that English should be learned through English, just as you

learn your mother tongue using your mother tongue. On the other

hand, the idea that the learner should learn English like a native

speaker or try to 'think in English' is viewed as an inappropriate and

unachievable concept.

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:Abstract

Smoking causes about 6 million deaths annually, increases the risk for many diseases and alters hematological parameters. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the negative impact of cigarette smoking on the hematological parameters of healthy smokers in Libya. A total of 145 smokers and 145 non-smokers, with age range 39-45 years, were recruited. Blood samples were collected from each participant and were analysed for complete blood count. The obtained results were statically analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The mean for all study variables for smokers (except for MCHC) was greater than that for nonsmokers. The coefficient of variation (CV%) showed that the smokers group was more homogeneous for most variables than the non-smokers group, except for BMI and LYMP. The results of ANOVA test showed that only in the case of MCHC the non-smokers had a significantly higher mean (p < 0.05). For other variables, the smokers had significantly higher means (p < 0.05), except for the RBC, where the mean was non-significantly higher compared to the non-smokers. There was no statistically significant effect for the age variable or for the interaction between smoking and age on all variables. In conclusion, the study revealed that cigarette smoking has a significant impact on most haematological parameters; confirming that smoking has severe adverse effects on most haematological parameters