Cette étude examine l’acceptation de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) par les enseignants de français langue étrangère (FLE) dans les universités libyennes.

L’étude a été menée auprès de 30 enseignants issus de plusieurs universités libyennes. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’un questionnaire en ligne, diffusé par l’intermédiaire des chefs des départements de langue française des universités libyennes. Le questionnaire comprend des informations sociodémographiques sur les participants (âge, diplôme académique, etc.), 27 questions fermées et 3 questions ouvertes.

Les données quantitatives ont été analysées à l’aide de statistiques descriptives, tandis que les réponses aux questions ouvertes ont fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique. Les résultats montrent que 70 % des participants ont une perception favorable et acceptent l’utilisation des outils d’intelligence artificielle dans l’enseignement du FLE. Toutefois, ils expriment des préoccupations concernant la fiabilité des contenus, le plagiat, la dépendance technologique et la protection des données. L’étude souligne la nécessité de mettre en place une formation institutionnelle et un cadre éthique afin de favoriser une intégration responsable de l’intelligence artificielle dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère.

Background: Poultry is the fastest-growing animal in the agriculture sector, and feed cost contributes 70%–80% of

production cost; therefore, many efforts have been evaluated to reduce feed cost. One of these ways to improve feed

efficiency is the use of natural feed additives in the diet, especially after reducing the use of antibiotics in poultry diets.

Flaxseed contains bioactive compounds, particularly omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) and lignans, which are used

to improve energy metabolism and play antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in poultry diets. Vitamin E plays a

vital function in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage, preserving cell membrane integrity, and

supporting immune functions.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and productive effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and

vitamin E supplementation, individually or in combination, in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).

Methods: A total of 120 quails were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: commercial diet (control),

commercial diet with flaxseed, commercial diet with vitamin E, and commercial diet with both flaxseed and vitamin

E, each group comprising three replicates with 10 chicks per replicate, and the study lasted 5 weeks following 1 week

of adaptation.

Results: The combined supplementation markedly enhanced growth performance, improving body weight gain, feed

efficiency, and survivability compared with the control group. Serum biochemical analysis revealed improved protein

metabolism and a healthier lipid profile, with reductions in cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein,

alongside an increase in high-density lipoprotein. Antioxidant indices confirmed strengthened defense mechanisms, as

glutathione levels increased and malondialdehyde concentrations decreased, while liver enzyme activities, aspartate

transaminase and alanine transaminase were reduced, indicating improved hepatic function. The synergistic interaction

between omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed and the antioxidant role of vitamin E contributed to better metabolic

efficiency and oxidative stability.

Conclusion: These findings highlight that flaxseed and vitamin E can be fed to Japanese quail as promising natural

feed additives that can enhance productivity, health status, and sustainability in quail production.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

Medical education is being reshaped by two major technological disruptions: the rapid expansion of online learning since the COVID-19 pandemic and the equally rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in teaching, assessment, and clinical training. These developments are often treated as distinct phases of change. In reality, they are part of the same broader challenge: educational institutions have repeatedly adopted new technologies faster than they have developed the pedagogic, ethical, and regulatory frameworks needed to use them well. 1-3