Thermal decomposition analysis is fundamental for evaluating the stability, degradation pathways, and safety profile of materials exposed to elevated temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) provides quantitative information on mass loss, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies evolved gaseous products. The coupling of TG with FTIR (TG–FTIR) offers a comprehensive analytical platform capable of correlating weight-loss events with chemical species released during thermal degradation. This integrated technique has gained increasing importance in polymer science and pharmaceutical research. Selected polymeric and pharmaceutical samples were subjected to TG–FTIR analysis under a nitrogen atmosphere. Approximately 8–10 mg of each sample was heated from 25°C to 800°C at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min. The evolved gases were transferred through a heated interface to the FTIR gas cell to prevent condensation. TG and DTG curves were recorded and synchronized with FTIR spectra to identify volatile degradation products and correlate them with specific thermal events. Distinct multi-stage decomposition patterns were observed for all samples. Polymeric materials demonstrated higher onset degradation temperatures compared to pharmaceutical compounds. FTIR analysis revealed the evolution of CO₂, CO, H₂O, and volatile organic compounds at characteristic temperatures corresponding to dehydration, bond cleavage, and oxidative degradation phases. The integration of TG and FTIR data enabled accurate identification of decomposition pathways and estimation of kinetic parameters. TG–FTIR coupling provides a robust and informative technique for comprehensive thermal characterization. The method enhances mechanistic understanding of degradation behavior and supports the development of thermally stable materials in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a widely utilized polymer in pharmaceutical formulations, nanocomposites, biomedical devices, and membrane fabrication. Despite numerous thermogravimetric studies, detailed mechanistic insight into its volatile degradation products remains limited. This study aims to investigate the thermal decomposition mechanism of PVP using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR) under inert and oxidative atmospheres. Degradation stages, evolved gaseous species, and structural transformations were systematically analyzed between 30–800 °C. Results are expected to reveal multi-step degradation involving dehydration, pyrrolidone ring opening, backbone scission, and carbonaceous residue formation. Identification of CO₂, CO, amide fragments, vinylpyrrolidone monomers, and nitrogen-containing volatiles will clarify the degradation pathway. The study provides mechanistic confirmation complementary to kinetic models and enhances predictive understanding of PVP behavior during sterilization, extrusion, pyrolysis, and composite processing.

Abstract

Developing reading proficiency is essential for mastering English as a Foreign Language (EFL), yet many learners encounter difficulties due to restricted vocabulary and a lack of contextual understanding. To mitigate these issues, educators often suggest using picture books, which integrate visual imagery with text to help students decode meaning through multiple channels.

This study examines the influence of illustrated books on EFL reading comprehension using a quasi-experimental framework. The research involved 30 primary school pupils, divided into an experimental group using picture books and a control group receiving standard instruction. Results from pre- and post-test evaluations showed that students in the experimental group made significantly more progress than those in the control group.

These outcomes suggest that picture books are a powerful resource for enhancing comprehension and learner interest. Based on these findings, this study recommends EFL teachers incorporate  illustrated materials into their lessons  to enhance students’ understanding and engagement.

Keywords: picture books, reading comprehension, EFL learners, visual learning, young learners, language teaching.

Boerhavia erecta has been recorded for the first time in the flora of Libya. This widespread wild

weed was collected in 2023 and 2024 from multiple locations, all included in the regions Sabha and Ariggiba,

and situated approximately 110 km southwest of Sabha city. This species, known for its adaptability to

disturbed habitats and arid conditions, holds ecological significance in its native and introduced ranges. To

facilitate its accurate identification and support future research efforts, a comprehensive description of the

species is provided, along with data about the habitat and a distribution map. These findings offer valuable

insights into the plant’s occurrence, ecological preferences, and adaptability within Libya's unique climatic

conditions. Additionally, the study discusses the potential threats posed by Boerhavia erecta to native plant

flora and vegetation. Emphasis is placed on the importance of monitoring the spread of B. erecta and

conducting further studies to assess its ecological impact in Libya. This record not only highlights the plant's

expansion but also underscores the need for continued floristic surveys to document and preserve the

country's rich biodiversity.