This paper presents the design and implementation of a smart robotic vacuum cleaner based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, named IO-VAC, specifically developed for smart home environments. The paper covers both the mechanical and electronic aspects of the robot’s development. A 2D layout was created using ArchiCAD to define the positioning of components and sensor angles when designing the robot, followed by a 3D model to visualize the final design. The robot chassis was fabricated using reinforced plastic to ensure durability and lightweight structure. The IO-VAC is controlled using an Arduino Mega board programmed in C/C++. Where, the system includes three ultrasonic sensors for obstacle avoidance, along with an infrared (IR) sensor for edge detection to prevent falls. The embedded system of IO-VAC integrates an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, allowing for remote control via the Blynk IoT platform to enable users to control the robot’s movement (forward, backward, left, right), adjust suction power, select the desired cleaning algorithm, and monitor the battery level in real-time. In this paper three movement algorithms were developed: random, spiral and zigzag, and their performance was tested on two types of surfaces smooth and rough to ensure reliability and efficiency in various cleaning conditions after testing the validation of IO-VAC. Based on the test results of robot performance, the zigzag algorithm proved to be the most effective in terms of covered area, cleaning mission time, power consumption and minimizing redundancy. This work demonstrates an effective integration of embedded systems with IoT technologies, offering a smart and cost-efficient solution for automating household cleaning tasks.

Despite the critical demand for advanced English proficiency in Libyan 

higher education, primary public schools, particularly in rural areas, have 

been neglected. This qualitative study investigates the imperative for 

implementing improved methodologies in Teaching English as a Foreign 

Language (EFL) in Libyan primary public schools, using the post-conflict 

rural municipality of Al Gwaleesh as a case study. Data were collected by 

questionnaires and classroom observations from ten teachers and ten third

year pupils. The findings reveal a systemic reliance on traditional Grammar

Translation Methods, a stark deficiency of resources (including basic 

teaching aids and ICT), and minimal student engagement. Teachers 

demonstrated limited application of Communicative Language Teaching 

(CLT) principles, focusing predominantly on rote memorization and written 

exercises. Consequently, pupils reported low motivation and a failure to 

grasp the language's practical utility. The study concludes that a 

fundamental overhaul of EFL pedagogy in Libya is urgently required, 

recommending the integration of audio-visual aids, activity-based learning, 

and 

strategic 

incorporation 

of 

Information and Communication 

Technologies (ICTs) to foster intrinsic motivation and build a sustainable 

foundation for English proficiency.

Abstract

The proper management of biological waste in laboratory settings is a critical aspect of biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. Beyond protecting lab workers, biological waste management safeguards public health, protects the environment, and ensures compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. Segregation, decontamination of liquid waste, decontamination of solid waste, and techniques for inactivating toxins are all main aspects of biological waste management that will be outlined, aligned, and summarized with the main institutional biosafety protocols for biological waste management, published by major authorities, including CDC and WHO. This research found that the information from the two institutions complements each other. Therefore, this brief review aimed to compile and unify information from both institutions to construct a single, coherent text that provides a practical summary for medical laboratory professionals seeking to enhance the implementation of international, harmonized protocols that strengthen biosafety, environmental stewardship, and regulatory compliance

This study focused on documenting flowering plant species in Wadi Al-Yaquib in Gharyan City . The plants were collected between March and May 2024 , dtied, and transferred to the herbarium for classification, During field visits,42 plant species were collected and classified, belonging to 40 genera distributed across 21 families. Of these, and 34 genera were classified under 34 dicotyledonous species, represnting 85 % of the total, and distributed across 18 families, Also 6 genera were classified under speceis of monocotyledonous plants, These species reprsent a percentage of 15% distributed over a number of three plant families, The analysis of flora in relation to the total number of species and genera belonging to each family revealed that the family. Astraceae was the largest family in class dicotyledonus opsida As a comparsion between the current study and the previous studies, this study drew attention to a plant species potentially endangered due to environmental pressures and overgrazing.