Abstract

This study investigates applying the artificial intelligence tools in translating culture-specific items in literary works. A heated debate has been initiated among scholars since the beginning of using AI tools in translation; the core of this debate was about the ability of AI translation tools to convey cultural nuances compared to human translators. Furthermore, techniques are usually adopted by AI translators in case of a lack of equivalence. To investigate these queries, fourteen excerpts containing cultural elements have been chosen from three Libyan novels by Ibrahim Al-Koni, The Bleeding of the Stones, Dust Gold and Anubis, are utilized as a case study to compare the human translator's work with AI translation tools, namely, ChatGPT and DeepL. The major results of this study are the performance of AI tools almost the same as human translators. Although AI translation tools outperformed human translators' work in some situations, they still require specialized training on culture-specific items related to specific communities. A collaboration between human and AI tools results in significant translation rather than separating or substituting each other. The mixing between machine and human leads to important progression in the field of translation.

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This study reports on a collection of spiders from Misallatah Nature Reserve and National Park (MNRNP), north western Libya, including five species recorded for the first time in the country. 75 spider samples (13 adult males, 20 adult females, 42 juveniles), comprising 12 families (Agelenidae; Araneidae; Dysderidae; Gnaphosidae; Lycosidae; Palpimanidae; Pisauridae; Philodromidae; Pholcidae; Salticidae; Thomisidae; Zodariidae), 13 genera (Lycosoides Lucas, 1846; Argiope Audouin, 1826; Dysdera Latreille, 1804; Nomisia Dalmas, 1921; Hogna Simon, 1885; Palpimanus Dufour, 1820; Holocnemus Simon, 1873; Aelurillus Simon, 1885; Menemerus Simon, 1868; Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846; Phlegra Simon, 1876; Bassaniodes Pocock, 1903; Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826) and 13 species (Argiope lobata Pallas, 1772; Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, 1838; Nomisia recepta Pavesi, 1880; Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820; Holocnemus pluchei Scopoli, 1763; Plexippus paykulli Audouin, 1826; Bassaniodes lalandei Audouin, 1826; Zodarion pileolonotatum Denis, 1935; Lycosoides flavomaculata Lucas, 1846; Hogna effera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872; Aelurillus blandus Simon, 1871; Menemerus taeniatus L. Koch, 1867; Phlegra yaelae Prószyński, 1998) were collected; the last five species are first records in Libya.

This study reports on a collection of spiders from Misallatah Nature Reserve and National Park (MNRNP), north western Libya, including five species recorded for the first time in the country. 75 spider samples (13 adult males, 20 adult females, 42 juveniles), comprising 12 families (Agelenidae; Araneidae; Dysderidae; Gnaphosidae; Lycosidae; Palpimanidae; Pisauridae; Philodromidae; Pholcidae; Salticidae; Thomisidae; Zodariidae), 13 genera (Lycosoides Lucas, 1846; Argiope Audouin, 1826; Dysdera Latreille, 1804; Nomisia Dalmas, 1921; Hogna Simon, 1885; Palpimanus Dufour, 1820; Holocnemus Simon, 1873; Aelurillus Simon, 1885; Menemerus Simon, 1868; Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846; Phlegra Simon, 1876; Bassaniodes Pocock, 1903; Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826) and 13 species (Argiope lobata Pallas, 1772; Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, 1838; Nomisia recepta Pavesi, 1880; Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820; Holocnemus pluchei Scopoli, 1763; Plexippus paykulli Audouin, 1826; Bassaniodes lalandei Audouin, 1826; Zodarion pileolonotatum Denis, 1935; Lycosoides flavomaculata Lucas, 1846; Hogna effera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872; Aelurillus blandus Simon, 1871; Menemerus taeniatus L. Koch, 1867; Phlegra yaelae Prószyński, 1998) were collected; the last five species are first records in Libya.

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread public health concern, necessitating a clear understanding of knowledge, at

titudes, and practices (KAP) among populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess Libyan citizens'

knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding vitamin D in the western region of Libya. This study was carried out

between June and September of 2021. A questionnaire was distributed across the study area and the complete responses

were 314, with 62.7% were females and 37.3% were males. The scores were calculated as percentages and statistically

tested. Additionally, the impact of some socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education level, job, and salary) on

KAP towards vitamin D was investigated. The results revealed that nutritional knowledge of the participants (46.24%)

was much lower than their general knowledge (80.99%), and that the scores of attitude and practice were 74.79% and

60.06%; respectively. Furthermore, socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, education, occupation, and salary

were found to significantly influence practice scores. In conclusion, there's need for targeted public health interventions

and educational campaigns to promote accurate understanding and healthier practices related to vitamin D among

adults in Western Libya.

Keywords: Vitamin D, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, KAP, Socio-demographic influences, Questionnaire