This paper presents a comparative performance 

analysis of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical fiber and Free Space Optics (FSO) communication systems. A simulation-based optical communication system was designed, incorporating transmitters and receivers to achieve efficient data transmission among several locations, including Tripoli central post office, Gharyan post office, and Gharyan University linked to its affiliated faculties. The study involved collecting fundamental system parameters, developing a theoretical model, and implementing it using OptiSystem 7.0. Using the same operational parameters, network performance was assessed based on key indicators such as signal quality, bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor. In addition, the FSO system was evaluated under two different environmental scenarios: Ideal weather conditions and Atmospheric turbulence conditions, reflecting the typical climatic characteristics of Gharyan city, 

where the city is frequently experiences windy atmospheric conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed systems are capable of efficient data transmission, enhancing the effectiveness of optical communications in the region. Both Optical Fiber and FSO networks achieved satisfactory performance; however, FSO showed superior performance in some metrics under ideal weather conditions. Some faculties had short links (≤ 2 km) that did not require precise point-to-point alignment, while others required accurate point-to-point links. In contrast, the findings indicate that FSO can serve as an effective and competitive alternative to optical fiber in environments with suitable climatic conditions, particularly when reducing deployment cost and installation time is a priority, while providing a scalable and sustainable solution to meet future communication requirements. 

This study investigated the challenges encountered by English majors at the University of Gharyan when dealing with metaphorical expressions. Such expressions are often embedded within culture-bound concepts, providing nuanced meanings specific to particular linguistic communities. Consequently, the research aimed to identify the strategies employed by Libyan students in translating metaphors from English into Arabic. This was achieved by using a translation test comprising fifteen (15) purposively selected metaphors. The test was given to a sample of forty (40) fourth-year students at the Department of English language, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mazda. The subsequent, data analysis followed a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative statistical measures(percentage and frequencies) with a qualitative linguistic analysis based on Newmark's (1988) theoretical framework for metaphor translation. The findings reveal that while students perform well when translating culturally familiar metaphors or those with direct equivalents, significant difficulties arise with abstract and culture-bound expressions. The study concludes that transitional failures are primarily driven by a lack of cultural competence and an over-reliance on semantic fidelity at the expense of communicative resonance. Based on these results, it is recommended that explicit metaphor translation strategies and comparative cultural studies be integrated into the EFL curriculum to bridge the gap between linguistic proficiency and metaphorical competence. Furthermore, the study advocates for enhanced translation training through specialized sessions design to foster a more conducive learning environment.

Keywords: Translation, Metaphor EFL learners, Newmark model, Cultural Competence.

Boerhavia erecta has been recorded for the first time in the flora of Libya. This widespread wild

weed was collected in 2023 and 2024 from multiple locations, all included in the regions Sabha and Ariggiba,

and situated approximately 110 km southwest of Sabha city. This species, known for its adaptability to

disturbed habitats and arid conditions, holds ecological significance in its native and introduced ranges. To

facilitate its accurate identification and support future research efforts, a comprehensive description of the

species is provided, along with data about the habitat and a distribution map. These findings offer valuable

insights into the plant’s occurrence, ecological preferences, and adaptability within Libya's unique climatic

conditions. Additionally, the study discusses the potential threats posed by Boerhavia erecta to native plant

flora and vegetation. Emphasis is placed on the importance of monitoring the spread of B. erecta and

conducting further studies to assess its ecological impact in Libya. This record not only highlights the plant's

expansion but also underscores the need for continued floristic surveys to document and preserve the

country's rich biodiversity.