Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a medical plant known for its antioxidant properties, which are attributed to bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and terpenoids. The study aimed to compare the antioxidant efficacy of natural chamomile with three commercial brands, A (Italian chamomile (Sonny)), B (Italian chamomile (Restora)), and C (German chamomile (UTZ)) available in Libyan markets. Methanol extracts of all samples were prepared by maceration, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, with A p-value < 0.05, which was considered statistically significant. Results revealed significant differences in IC50 values, with natural chamomile exhibiting the highest potency (IC50 = 3.35 mg/ml ± 0.055), followed by Brand A (IC50= 3.56 mg/ml ± 0.04) and Brand C (3.88 mg/ml ± 0.21). Brand B showed the weakest activity (IC50= 5.01 mg/ml ± 0.04). The statistical analysis confirmed the superiority of natural chamomile over commercial variants. Our findings suggest that processing methods, storage conditions, or potential additives in commercial products may degrade bioactive compounds, reducing antioxidant efficacy. This study highlights the advantage of minimally processed natural chamomile for optimal antioxidant benefits, and it underscores the implications for consumer choice and quality control in the manufacturing of herbal products.

Abstract: This paper presents simulation technique for life assessment of the insulation of the power transformer. Load and ambient temperatures are two important factors that influence the hot spot of transformers. The transformer hot spot temperature is one of the most critical parameter in determining the life of transformer paper insulation. The simulation (Matlab Software Package) is based on related international standards as the IEC 60076-7:2005 loading guide method. Load and ambient temperatures of the transformer obtain from General Electrical Company and meteorology office of Libya are used as the input for the simulation together with transformer parameters from heat run test. Hottest spot temperature and loss-of-life are calculated. Lifetime of transformer is predicted. Keywords: Hot-spot temperature, power transformer, top-oil temperature, loss of life

This research deals with estimating the likely switch of car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes

users to public transportation system (PT) modes in the main cities as Tripoli Capital city of Libya due to reduced

shopping travel time of all trips influenced by age, household size. Car ownership and shopping distance through

the introducing the public transport modes such as public buses. The data on other factors (variables) that could

potentially reason a model switch of from car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes users to

public transport were collected through a survey (questionnaire) with a specified predilection method. Modeswitch models to describe the switch of conduct of own car operators to PT system are developed. A binary

logistic regression model was used to assessment the transport displacement model for shopping trips. Probability

curves have been developed to change the position so that it is a user-friendly tool for analysing the potential

transformation Model of a variety of variables. One way to achieve this objective is by establishing reserved

public transportation lanes on main urban Tripoli city roads. The providing of private road lanes will increase of

service road level and reduce the level of road traffic congestion and this may effect in a switch of all or some

private transport mode users to public transport modes.

Key words: Own car, Public transport modes, logit model, shopping Travel time, shopping distance, age, car

ownership and switch probabilities, likelihood..

Abstract

This paper generally investigates religious texts in many aspects, definition

ways of translation, and difficulties in translation that may face both translators

and MA students. Yet it particularly focuses on The Holy Quran, its distinction

over other kinds of texts and difficulties translators and/or MA students face

when translating its verses and passages. Translating religious passages literally

(like The Holy Quran) will not give the real meaning , but it depends on the

interpreting ( tafseer ) to make the readers of the translation get the real and

intended meaning. The participants of this study were ten MA students of both

genders.

The results of this study show that translation is not always an easy task,

especially translating religious texts. This type of text is different from all

other types of literature, scientific, technical … etc. Translators have to follow

special translation techniques to produce an accurate translation and be faith to

the original text, never omit words or replace them with words may change

the intended meaning. That is a big challenge faces translators of religious

texts.

Key words: Quran translation, religious texts, ambiguity