Abstract

In many cities today, owning a car has become an important and

dominant mode of transport. Increasing dominance of own cars as a mode

of transport is due to its inherent advantages associated with its usage. In

Tripoli, Libya due to rapid increase in car usage associated with poor public

transport system has resulted in an increase of traffic congestion, accidents

and lack of parking spaces. This study aims to identify the factors

preventing owning cars from shifting to public transport system (PT). And

to develop model shift from owning cars to public transport in order to

formulate policies to achieve this. A policy to enhance public transport

system usage and control car ownership simultaneously has become

necessary for solving traffic congestion problems. A questionnaire survey

was carried out on users of transport in Tripoli such as own car, taxis,

microbuses and coaches drivers (n = 900). The probability of car drivers

shifting to public transport was examined based on scenario of several

options such as reduction in public transport travel time and travel cost.

Reduction in total travel time and cost for public transport mode emerged as

the most important elements in attracting car users towards using public

transport system. Logistic regression technique has been used to analyze the

factors that impact users to switch their trips to public transportation

alternatives. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19 and

Excel 2007 software were used to analyze the questionnaire in this study

Key words: public transport, car ownership, logistic regression, mode

choice and traffic congestion.

Résumé :

Malgré les avancées technologiques et l’émergence de nouveaux outils multimédias dans le domaine de l’enseignement, le manuel scolaire demeure l’outil pédagogique le plus utilisé et le plus efficace, notamment dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères. En Libye, le manuel scolaire constitue un pilier central du processus d’enseignement/apprentissage du français langue étrangère (FLE). Il joue un rôle fondamental tant sur le plan didactique que pédagogique, en servant de lien entre les institutions éducatives, les enseignants et les apprenants.

Cet article se propose d’analyser la place et l’importance du manuel scolaire dans l’enseignement du FLE en contexte libyen, en s’appuyant sur l’hypothèse que ce support permet de structurer l’apprentissage selon une stratégie claire et progressive, particulièrement utile pour les apprenants débutants au niveau universitaire. Après avoir précisé les définitions du manuel scolaire et distingué ses différents types, l’étude met en lumière son rôle en classe de FLE et les critères nécessaires à un choix adéquat de manuel.

L’objectif est de contribuer à l’amélioration de l’enseignement du français en Libye en soulignant la nécessité d’un manuel bien conçu, adapté aux besoins des apprenants et aux exigences pédagogiques actuelles.

Mots-clés :

Manuel scolaire – FLE – Didactique – Apprenants débutants – Enseignement des langues – Libye

ABSTRACT

Many Arab countries are starting to suffer from traffic congestion in their capitals cities, as

a consequence of continued increase in car ownership, current public transport vehicles

namely taxi, coaches and microbuses users and also lack of car parks. Tripoli, the capital

city of Libya where most of commuters prefer to use private cars,which is 88% of the city

traffic volume for doing work, study and shopping trips and one of these Arabic cities.

Government statistical data on the city for 2009 revealed that out of the total 945,203

vehicles comprised of 743,796 private cars and 47,031 units of taxis, coaches and

microbuses.In this study, traffic volume characteristics on three Tripoli's main entrances

namely, the eastern entrance covers Tajora (Al-Bive), the western entrance covers the AlGiran entrance and the southern entrance covers the Al-Gabis, Airport Road and Al-Hadaba

(Salah Al-Din) entrances were evaluated.The increase number of private cars and public

transport vehicles in the last ten years has resulted in traffic congestion. Field survey and

questionnaire study were carried out in Tripoli area in summer 2015 to explore the potential

reduction of private cars usage on road through optimal use of suitable public transportation

system. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19, Excel software and

logistic regression method were used to analyse these questionnaires. As a result, Tripoli

roads network users need to change and encourage usage of public transportation system as

public buses and rapid buses into the city.

Key words: Private car, public transport, parking places, entrances, traffic congestion

This paper presents a computational model for measuring diversity in terms of variety, balance and disparity. This model is informed by the Stirling’s framework for understanding diversity from social science and underpinned by semantic techniques from computer science. A case study in learning is used to illustrate the application of the model. It is driven by the desire to broaden learners’ perspectives in an increasingly diverse and inclusive society. For example, interpreting body language in a job interview may be influenced by the different background of observers. With the explosion of digital objects on social platforms, selecting the appropriate ones for learning can be challenging and time consuming. The case study uses over 2000 annotated comments from 51 YouTube videos on job interviews. Diversity indicators are produced based on the comments for each video, which in turn facilitate the ranking of the videos according to the degree of diversity in the comments for the selected domain.