Due to the scientific research at present is considered one of the important and major functions performed by both faculty members and postgraduate students, in order to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and solutions to the various problems facing the society, and also to the advancement of Libyan universities. This paper aims to identify the difficulties faced the students in the Libyan universities in scientific research from perspectives of faculty members and postgraduate students, and to know the difficulties that hinder the scientific research in these universities and work to confront them. In addition, the researchers used the SPSS method to reach the objectives of this paper. A questionnaire was distributed to faculty members and postgraduate students in order to obtain data that contribute to the objectives of this paper. This paper concluded that faculty members contribute to training students on scientific research, and there is cooperation between the supervisor and the student in relation to the thesis presented by students. Moreover, Libyan scientific journals publish the researches for students whose research terms meet all conditions of scientific research. Research recommended that work to training the postgraduate students on scientific research skills in what is related to all of his fields, as well as how to write, present and interpret results, proposals and recommendations, and establish a special and independent department for scientific publishing in Libyan universities

The most common antibiotics prescribed by dentists for dental infections in Gharyan city and neighbour regions

The present study endeavors to explore the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth and financial development in Kuwait, covering the time span between 1991 and 2017. Based on the objective of presenting robust results in relation to the research focus, a combination of time and frequency-domain methodologies has been applied. Using the Toda–Yamamoto and the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto time-domain techniques, no causal direction is found through the former test, while the causality flowing from financial development to economic growth is demonstrated by the latter. Nevertheless, the spectral causality test developed by Breitung and Candelon [(2006). “Testing for short- and long-run causality: A frequency-domain approach.” Journal of Econometrics 132 (2): 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.02.004] gives a more thorough overview of the dynamic causal relationships because it allows the temporary and permanent movements in the linkages between variables to be differentiated. The findings show proof of a bidirectional causality between financial development and economic growth. Our findings highlight the emphasis on covering the frequency causality to provide greater insight into the interrelationship between the variables under consideration.

Analytical study associated with liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) has been investigated by using scattering and non-scattering mathematical radiation models. In the nonscattering model, the radiative transfer equation (RTE) was solved together with the continuity equations of mixture components under local thermodynamic equilibrium. A MATLAB code was used to solve these equations. This application employed a numerical integration to compute the temperature distribution within the bubble and the transient wall heat flux. First, in Rayleigh nonscattering model the particle size was 0.01 µm [6], and according to Mie theory principle, the absorption coefficient for small particle –size distribution was estimated (k = 10 m-1 was used) from reference [7] at complex refractive index of UO2 at λ = 600 µm and x = 0.0785. A MATLAB code was used to solve the radiative heat equation (RTE) in spherical coordinates. The mixture is in local thermodynamic equilibrium inside the bubble which has a black body surface boundary. The mixture in the bubble contains three components: the non-condensable gas Xenon, Uranium dioxide vapor, and fog. To simulate fuel bubble’s geometry as realistically as possible, according to experimental observation, the energy equation in a spherical coordinate system has been solved with the radiative flux heat transfer equation (RTE) to obtain the effect of fuel bubble’s geometry on the transient radiative heat flux and to predict the transient temperature iv distribution in the participating medium during a hypothetical core disruptive accident (HCDA) for liquid metal fast breeding reactor (LMFBR) for FAST. The transient temperature distribution in fog region was used to predict the amount of condensable UO2 vapor. The conclusion that can be drawn from the present study, is that the Fuel Aerosol Simulant Test (FAST) facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has a larger margin of safety since the bubble rising time is greater than the bubble collapse time. Second in the scattering model, the spherical harmonics method was used to solve the radiative heat transfer equation (RTE) in spherical coordinates, and the particle size was 0.07 µm [6]. The scattering coefficient of UO2 particles (σ = 1.24 m-1 ), was calculated using Mie theory at the same number of stable nuclei N (2.9 E15 nuclei/m3 ) that resulted from the absorption coefficient k = 0.082 m-1 [7]. The P1 approximation method was used to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in spherical coordinates of participating medium confined between two concentric spheres. The surfaces of the spheres are assumed to be gray, diffusely emitting and diffusely reflecting boundaries, and isothermal boundary conditions were assumed at these surfaces. Marsak’s boundary condition was used to compute the net radiative heat flux, q(τ), and the incident radiation, G(τ), to analyze and interpret CVD experiments data that were conducted in the FAST facility at ORNL [8] and Fast Flux Test Facility reactor (FFTF) at ANL. From this study, it can be concluded that there is greater margin of safety when the bubble rise time is a greater than the bubble collapse time since the bubble collapses (UO2 condenses) before it can reach the top of the vessel. In addition, the work transfer by itself can’t completely eliminate the super-heated vapor, as the bubble contains noncondensable species which hinder condensation. However, it is reasonable to assume that work transfer could decrease the amount of UO2 vapor contained in the bubble as it reached the covergas [63].

.