Abstract

Pronunciation plays a very important role in both teaching and learning processes in our social lives. Many students desire to speak the language perfectly and properly. When one wants to learn a language his first attempt to prove its knowledge is by speaking. When we study a language we are dealing with different sounds, utterances as well as other characteristics of forming speech, one of which is used to put emphasis on words that we think the key ones, this feature is called stress. Teaching word stress is a very important aspect in English language. Arranged drills are of a great importance in a advance of learning stress, they help to overcome the problems of mispronounce some words.

This study is an attempt to investigate word stress error made by secondary school students, where stress is being taught as

complicated issue that need to be analyzed and explained to students in more details to help them pronounce the words without obstacles.

Pronunciation plays a very important role in both teaching and learning processes in our social lives. Many students desire to speak the language perfectly and properly. When one wants to learn a language his first attempt to prove its knowledge is by speaking. When we study a language we are dealing with different sounds, utterances as well as other characteristics of forming speech, one of which is used to put emphasis on words that we think the key ones, this feature is called stress. Teaching word stress is a very important aspect in English language. Arranged drills are of a great importance in a advance of learning stress, they help to overcome the problems of mispronounce some words.

This study is an attempt to investigate word stress error made by secondary school students, where stress is being taught as

complicated issue that need to be analyzed and explained to students in more details to help them pronounce the words without obstacles.

To study the ability of using olive oil industry wastes by yeast strain Candida. rugosa to grow in solid state fermentation for lipase and protease production. Lipase production in submerged fermentation of olive mill waste water. The enzymes production was ranged from 4.2 to 9.8 IU/g of lipase on the second day of fermentation period and from 21 to 64.5 IU/g of protease on the third day of fermentation period. The supplementation of the olive oil cake with yeast extract as a nitrogen source significantly increased the lipase (157%) and protease (49 %) production. The chemical composition of olive oil cake estimated before and after fermentation process, results shown that the nutritional value was improved to be use as animal feed. Submerged fermentation of olive mill waste water shown that the yeast C. rugosa could growth on undiluted sample, and to produce up to 220.1 U/ dm-3 of lipase in 1st day, lipase production was found to be promoted by the addition of tween 80. The highest lipolytic activity of 1667.5 IU dm-3 was achieved after 6 days of submerged cultivation in supplemented olive mill wastewater. The results indicated that olive mill waste water and olive oil cake seemed to provide necessary nutrients and physical support for the yeast to grow and produce enzymes. The fermentation of olive mills wastes could be a good technique to save our environment and produce a valuable thing by using harmful wastes.

Since the last century, universities in developed countries have begun to work on technology transfer. Thus, the process of marketing the technologies discovered by those universities became an engine of economic growth, as these universities played a significant role in bringing innovative ideas to the market. Since then, technology transfer activities that were previously practiced by elite universities have received attention due to increasing university revenues, creating research links between academia and industry.

In this paper, we review the aspects related to the process of technology transfer in terms of its importance, and its model of work in universities, starting with the phase of discovering and evaluating the invention, the phase of patenting, and ending with the phase of marketing. The working mechanism of Technology Transfer Office (TTO) and the infrastructure necessary to establish these offices and the role of entrepreneurship and innovation centers in universities to perform their role effectively is also highlighted. The research aims to design an optimal dynamic and flexible model of the TTO at the University of Gharyan rearranging some traditional components and establish additional innovation pathways and make it more effective.

Keywords:Technology Transfer Office (TTO); Technological Transfer models; economic development.

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of hyperdontia, hypodontia (which

includes mesiodens and fused teeth), talon cusps, microdontia (which includes peg-shaped lateral incisors), and

macrodontia in patients attending private dental clinics in Gharyan, Libya. During ordinary patient

examinations, the inquiry was undertaken clinically and radiographically. A total of 1219 participants were

included in the study (358 males and 861 females). 57 of patients had dental anomalies in the percentage of

(4.67%), 21 patients (1.72%) had missing teeth, 15 of them had one missing permanent tooth and 6 patients had

two missing permanent teeth (the lower 2nd premolar was the most tooth loss 0.49%). In addition, the study

showed that 16 patients had supernumerary teeth, 10 patients had microdontia and 7 patients had macrodontia,

whereas, two patients had talon cusp. Early detection of a treatable abnormality is critical in developing a

thorough treatment strategy for the patient. Some of the unpleasant impact should be avoidable. In some

circumstances; functional, cosmetic, and occlusal discord can be detected early enough to warrant interpret of

sessional consultation and treatment.

KEYWORDS: dental anomalies; hypodontia; microdontia; macrodontia

• Abstract

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) orchestrates our body's response to stressful stimuli. Pain is often stressful and counterbalanced by activation of CRF receptors along the nociceptive pathway, although the involvement of the CRF receptor subtypes 1 and/or 2 (CRF-R1 and CRF-R2, respectively) in CRF-induced analgesia remains controversial. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 expression within the spinal cord of rats with Freund's complete adjuvant-induced unilateral inflammation of the hind paw using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, radioligand binding, and immunofluorescence confocal analysis. Moreover, the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal (i.t.) CRF were measured by paw pressure algesiometer and their possible antagonism by selective antagonists for CRF-R1 and/or CRF-R2 as well as for opioid receptors. Our results demonstrated a preference for the expression of CRF-R2 over CRF-R1 mRNA, protein, binding sites and immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Consistently, CRF as well as CRF-R2 agonists elicited potent dose-dependent antinociceptive effects which were antagonized by the i.t. CRF-R2 selective antagonist K41498, but not by the CRF-R1 selective antagonist NBI35965. In addition, i.t. applied opioid antagonist naloxone dose-dependently abolished the i.t. CRF- as well as CRF-R2 agonist-elicited inhibition of somatic pain. Importantly, double immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of the spinal dorsal horn showed CRF-R2 on enkephalin (ENK)-containing inhibitory interneurons in close opposition of incoming mu-opioid receptor-immunoreactive nociceptive neurons. CRF-R2 was, however, not seen on pre- or on postsynaptic sensory neurons of the spinal cord. Taken together, these findings suggest that i.t. CRF or CRF-R2 agonists inhibit somatic inflammatory pain predominantly through CRF-R2 receptors located on spinal enkephalinergic inhibitory interneurons which finally results in endogenous opioid-mediated pain inhibition.