Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are among the common biomarkers which have been investigated in serum of patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and infections of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B virus (HBC). The present study aimed to statistically investigate whether serum levels of those enzymes and their ratio (AST/ALT) vary between hepatitis B and C patients with or without ESRD. Serum levels of AST and ALT were measured in 228 subjects of both genders, and those subjects were included in these groups: HBV and HCV patients, patients suffering from comorbidity of HBV/ESRD and HCV/ESRD as well as healthy subjects representing a control group. Means of serum level of ALT and AST for both genders in all patient groups were higher than that of control group and higher than the upper limit of ALT and AST reference intervals. MANOVA results revealed that group effect on the three variables, AST, ALT and AST/ALT, was significant (p < 0.05). The highest mean difference for ALT, AST and AST/ALT variables were, respectively, control and HBV/ESRD comorbidity groups; control and HCV/ESRD comorbidity groups; control and HBV infection groups. Moreover, it was found that the effect of the interactions between the three independent variables (group, age and gender) was not significant in all patient groups. Patients suffering from viral hepatitis and kidney failure disease will suffer from severe liver failure in an early time.

Keywords:AST, ALT, ESRD, HCV, HBV, MANOVA 

• Experimental and theoretical comparisons have been performed for natural convection heat transfer over rectangular fins array at different fin parameters. This investigation includes the effect of fin length, fin spacing, fin height, orientation angle, and temperature difference between the heat sink and the surrounding environment. To understand the general flow patterns dominating flows from the heat sink, the three dimensionless elliptic governing equations were solved using finite volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, and the experimental work was carried for the system at different orientations. A new empirical correlation (modified of McAdam's correlation) was derived to correlate the mean Nusselt number as a function of the Rayleigh number. The average heat transfer coefficient has a maximum value at an orientation angle equal to zero degrees, and it decreases with an increasing orientation angle. The heat transfer rate per unit base area increases as fin spacing increase until it reaches a maximum value (6.5 mm), then it decreases with a further increase of fin spacing. The results of these investigations between the experimental and theoretical study were showing good agreements with similar international works.