Abstract Background: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and Published: June 15, 2026 hospitalization among preschool children worldwide. particularly in low- and middle- income countries. Vitamin D plays a crucial immunomodulatory role in respiratory health by enhancing innate immunity and maintaining epithelial barrier integrity. However, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among children, including those living in sun- rich regions such as Libya. Objectives: This study aimed to assess serum vitamin D levels among preschool children admitted with ARTIs at Gharyan Central Teaching Hospital and to evaluate the association between vitamin D status, disease severity, and recurrence. Methods: A cross-sectional observation study was conducted among 100 preschool children aged 1-6 years admitted with clinically diagnosed ARTIs between January and December 2025. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 79 eligible participants were included in the final analysis. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured and categorized according to Endocrine Society guidelines. Associations between vitamin D levels, ARTIs severity, and recurrence were analysed using chi-square tests and logistic regression models. Results: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were highly prevalent, affecting 87.3% of the studied children. Although lower vitamin D levels were more frequently observed among children with moderate and severe ARTIs, the association with disease severity was not statistically significant (p=0.115). In contrast, a significant association was identified between low vitamin D levels and recurrent ARTIs (p=0.019). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among preschool children hospitalized with ARTIs and is significantly associated with recurrent infections. Improving vitamin D status may contribute to reducing the recurrence of ARTIs in this population.

 Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health concern, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from defective insulin action and secretion, T2DM is frequently associated with abnormalities in the liver function, which may reflect underlying metabolic disturbances and early hepatic involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of liver aminotransferase ( ALT, AST) and ALP in patients with type 2 diabetes in Gharyan central hospital. The finding showed that patients with T2DM had elevated liver enzyme levels, (ALT, AST and ALP were 19%, 15%, 41% respectively), suggesting possible subclinical liver dysfunction. These results highlight the importance of routine liver enzyme assessment in the clinical follow up of individuals with T2DM, as early detection of hepatic abnormalities may improve patient management and reduce the risk of diabetes- related complications. 

Abstract Understanding the distribution of ABO and Rh blood types in a population helps genetic research and studies on disease susceptibility associated with blood types. It also helps blood banks efficiently manage donor blood supplies, providing the availability of compatible blood types for transfusions and emergencies. This study was conducted to analyze the distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in Gharyan city, Libya. The statistics suggest that Blood group O (48.73%) is the most frequent, followed by A (36.36%), B (11.61%), and AB (3.28%). A lesser number of the population is Rh-D negative (20.20%), while the majority is Rh-D positive (79.79%). These results could help blood banks manage blood transfusion programs in handling local blood transfusion services. Keywords. ABO Blood Groups, Rh-d Factor, Blood Group Distribution, Gharyan, Libya.

Abstract The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has recently been recognized in different parts of the world, even affecting healthy populations. The deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. No studies have been done in Gharyan city to evaluate the status of vitamin D among the population. So, this work aims to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the city, which is essential to maintaining the health of populations in general. This was a survey study conducted from September 2024 to December 2024, at some laboratories in the city: Alkama. Alnahda, Ayouser, Aldaka and Mashfa Gharyian. During the study period, 1718 analysis tests results of vitamin D were collected, classified to six groups according to age and characterized by measures of central tendency. The results showed that the age of the cases ranged from newborns to about 97 years, 30% males and 70 % females. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among female was more than males in all aged groups of the cases, about 62 % of the cases had low vitamin D levels (less than 30 ng/ml), the high level was 0.45% and 37% were at normal range. But the patients in categories 4, 5 had the highest number of cases. Spreading awareness among the population about the importance and vital role of the vitamin, explaining the risks of vitamin D deficiency and associated diseases among the population were recommended to reduce the Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Gharyan city