With the growing demand for fast and reliable telecommunications infrastructure, deploying a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network has become a necessity to support both economic and social development. This paper presents three proposed layouts for designing an LTE network in the downtown area of Gharyan, which represents the city’s central and most densely populated zone. The project was motivated by the uneven distribution of coverage across the area, whereseveral locations experience either a complete lack of service or very weak signal reception. The aim is to support the city’s digital transformation by improving access to mobile internet and data services, which in turn enhances business performance, emergency response, public service efficiency, education, remote learning, telemedicine, and remote work opportunities. To implement this plan, the design process relied on Mentum Planet software, a tool specialized in mobile network planning, using real-world terrain and signal data provided by Almadar Company. Three different network layout designs were simulated using two built-in propagation models: the Planet General Model (PGM) and the Q9 model. These simulations were conducted to assess signal strength and coverage across the study area. The analysis showed that one of the layouts provided significantly better signal quality and broader coverage compared to the others. Moreover, the Q9 model proved more reliable in predicting signal behavior in densely built urban settings. Based on these findings, a set of technical recommendations has been developed to guide the future implementation of LTE networks in similar environments, while also addressing challenges such as terrain variations, signal interference, and infrastructurelimitations. In conclusion, this work contributes to enhancing telecommunications services in Gharyan and supports broader efforts toward innovation and digital inclusion across key sectors in the region.

This paper describes three schemes to implement Direction of Arrival Estimation (DOA) that is used and implemented in real Antenna system. The variation between those algorithms is important in means of accuracy and complexity of implementation such mathematical models in actual system of Antenna. The use of mathematical analysis is very helpful to understand the process of DOA estimation and each part of the algorithms in the study, so that can be used further to implement algorithms and work on MATLAB to investigate and evaluate the performance of each one in relative with the others and how they act when they put in same conditions with different number of samples and using different factors. The used algorithms for the study are the conventional algorithms Bartlett & Capon, in contrast with more advanced algorithm MUSIC Multiple-Signal-Classifications, which is introduced as the main focus in the study. Simulation of DOA is made using MATLAB and the mathematical implementation of the three algorithms. The results of comparing thealgorithms shows that varying number of samples taken has a crucial role on determining Direction of Arrival or the incident angle of the input stray-signal at the arrays of the smart antenna which senses the direction based on the algorithm operated in the smart antenna system, the use of the three algorithms in different number of samples had shown a performance change of accuracy of estimation in different way for an algorithm in comparison to another algorithm in many circumstances, the more prevailing fact is that the more number of samples the more accuracy of estimation, but in case of less samples the Bartlett algorithm showed better performance in compare to other algorithms, as for Capon algorithm it suffers accuracy at low number of samples and need high number of samples to act more accurately, as for MUSIC algorithm it shows the best overall performance as adapting fast to the angle of estimation with high accuracy in response to an efficient number of samples.

 Cognitive radio (CR) is a form of wireless communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in use. Upon the result of the detection, the system instantly moves into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones. To improve the capacity of CR systems, the unused sub-channels by primary user (PU) could be aggregated. However, when secondary user (SU) system aggregates more channels, more collisions may occur. This collision occurs due to the PU backto reuse its channels during SU transmission on them. Moreover, there are other reasons for collisions as misdetection which happens when wrongly detected absence of PU may occur as well.

In this paper a Proposed Channel Aggregation Algorithm is introduced in which the CR data rate is maximized by aggregating multiple channels for the SU while satisfying the minimum collision requirements. Moreover, channel capacity is maximized under collision constraints. Matlab simulation is conducted to implement the proposed algorithm and the rustles showed that, very low collision probability was observed as compared to previous work. The capacity of CR was also improved as well.

Voice in IP networks is transmitted as packets over IP (VoIP), the voice signals are converted to IP packets after beingdigitized and compressed for transmission. However, some packets can be missed in their way to the receiving side, due to network congestion. The loss of these packets degrades the speech quality in the listener side at VoIP system transmission. Since voice is transmitted is real time, the receiver cannot request a retransmission for any lost packets. Voice and data multiplexing in VoIP network always face problems when huge TCP traffic is transmitted resulting the voice packet to be stuck in the network during congestion. Therefore, VoIP packets will be delayed. Since delay and loss are the main parameters that affect the quality of a voice signal in a VoIP network.

This paper presents a design and a simulation study of voice and data integration in a VoIP network and analyses which scenario will suite the best performance for voice packets in traffic congestion to have a high voice quality rating when using a single data TCP source and a multiple TCP sources when multiplexed with a UDP voice source. This is accomplished by using NS-2 network simulator (version 2), and M/D/1 queue type with various queuing systems such as First in First out (FIFO), Fair queue (FQ) and Deficit Round Robin (DRR), which represent the technique mechanism to serve voice and data packets in a queueing system. Then loss and delay are measured for each scenario to determine the quality of voice.

Power transformers, which perform the function of transforming the voltage levels, are one of the most important electrical equipments that are used in power transmission systems. Hence, it is mandatory to perform power transformermaintenance; as they are normally scattered geographically, it is impractical to do periodical monitoring due to insufficient manpower. As the reason above, transformer failure may occur which causes the transformer from network unexpectedly power shutdown. To overcome this shutdown from transformer failure of the adapter, a system for transformer monitoring and self- protection was proposed in case the maintenance is delayed. In this paper, the temperature and humidity within the transformer were monitored, in addition to monitoring the rate of loading on the transformer. By using the internet of things (IoT), a self-protection system is designed and implemented for thetransformer. Where, if the transformer is not serviced quickly, the transformer will separate loads of low-importance (workshops, Homes,….) and it will keep the loads of high importance (hospitals,…) .and if the transformer is unable to feed the loads of high importance, in this case the transformer will separates all loads and stay in no-load status where the transformer monitor its parameters by itself, if all parameters of the transformer return to the normal level, the transformer automatically returns the loads in order of priority. All these components have been grouped and combined into one device. In addition the device is powered using an AC-DC adapter by an external power source.