Seed size is a key functional trait that affects plant fitness at the seedling stage and may

vary greatly with species fruit size, growth form and fecundity. Using structural equation

modelling (SEM) and correlated trait evolution analysis, we investigated the interaction network

between seed size and fecundity, postfire regeneration strategy, fruit size, plant height

and serotiny (on-plant seed storage) among 82 species of the woody shrub genus, Hakea,

with a wide spectrum of seed sizes (2–500 mg). Seed size is negatively correlated with fecundity,

while fire-killed species (nonsprouters) produce more seeds than resprouters

though they are of similar size. Seed size is unrelated to plant height and level of serotiny

while it scales allometrically with fruit size. A strong phylogenetic signal in seed size revealed

phylogenetic constraints on seed size variation in Hakea. Our analyses suggest a

causal relationship between seed size, fecundity and postfire regeneration strategy in

Hakea. These results demonstrate that fruit size, fecundity and evolutionary history have

had most control over seed size variation among Hakea species.

•This paper examines the ability of Libyan university students studying EFL to identify the language items which are called conjunctives and recognize their meanings and functions before they can benefit from them in their reading and writing skills

The aim of the article is to study a sufficient condition for the classes of starlike and convex harmonic univalent functions with respect to k- symmetric points. The necessary condition for f to be in the classes will be studied. In addition, growth bounds for functions will also be given.

In this paper, we study and introduce the majorization properties of a new class of analytic p-valent functions of complex order defined by the generalized hypergeometric function. Some known consequences of our main result will be given. Moreover, we investigate the coefficient

estimates for this class.